AFFECTIVE NEUROSCIENCE

Psychology 333 -- Winter 2016

(531-02 grad cross-listing)

Professor Kent Berridge

 

Class:                          Mondays & Wednesdays at 1:00 -2:30 pm, 3463 MH

Office:                         4038 East Hall                          
                                    Email: berridge@umich.edu                               Phone: 763-4365

Office Hours:               T 2:30-4:00 or by appointment

Readings: Readings are posted on the Ctools website

Description: This 3-credit course will focus upon topics in the affective neuroscience of motivation. Please note that the syllabus may change and be updated during the semester (especially regarding readings). The latest version is always posted on the Ctools web site. The date of a syllabus is at displayed bottom so you will know if you have the latest version.

 

Tentative Weekly Schedule (see Ctools for latest schedule):

                                    Monday                                       Wednesday

January 6:                                                                    Introduction

January 11 & 13:           Traditional concepts of motivation & interaction with learning

January 18 & 20:           MLK Day                                  Traditional emotion & brain

Jan 25 – 27                   Limbic system                           Limbic system

Jan 1 - Feb 3:             New limbic systems                   New limbic systems                              

February 8 & 10:          Pleasure Neuroscience               Pleasure Neuroscience    

February 15 & 17:         Pleasure consciousness            1^st Exam Feb 17

February 22 & 24         Dopamine in reward                   Dopamine

February 29 & Mar2:    Winter   Break Week

March 7 & 9 :              Addiction                                  Addiction                      

March 14 & 16:             Addiction & thirst                       Thirst & salt appetite                 

March 21 & 23  :           Hunger                                     2^nd Exam Mar 23         

March 28 & 30             Hunger-Reward & Pain               Pain, fear & stress

April 4 & 6:                  no class                                    Fear & Sex                    

April 11 & 13:               Sex                                           Sex & Aggression

April 18 :                      Aggression       

In class exams are February 17 and March 23.^.. Third exam (not cumulative) is in the official final exam period: Wednesday, April 20^th at 4:00 pm - 6:00 pm

 

 

 

Grading

Your grade will be based on 3 exams, and on your depth paper, online comments and class participation.   Relative weighting for grades will be:

Online comments & class discussion                               =    10%

Paper & depth panel/presentation                                   =    20%

Exams =                                                                       =   20%, 25%, 25%

 

Other Student Responsibilities & Grading

Our goal in this class is to make you into an expert in affective neuroscience J

Commit to Read!: The readings are a major part of this class and there is a lot of reading. You can choose somewhat what to read but everyone must read before class! Reading before class (and sometimes re-reading again after class) is essential to determining what you gain from this course, and I ask you to commit to keep up with reading.

Every student is expected to read the all assigned regular articles prior to that class. In addition, you are expected to choose one extra reading for each topic prior to discussion (or two extra readings for the topics you give online comments on; and all readings for the topic you write your paper on [up to 4 extra readings]).

3 Comments Online: We will have online discussions to help stimulate thought about weekly topics. Everyone must contribute 3 online comments (half-page length). One comment is expected per month. Two comments must be given before that week’s topics (entered by 3 pm Sunday prior to that week’s topic; double-length if you miss the deadline), and the remaining comment can be entered within 1 week after the topic is discussed. You are also expected to participate in discussion in class of topics you comment on.

Depth topic: Paper & Expert panel discussion. Everyone will pick 1 depth topic for a paper (7-10 pages) and expert panel. I will pose questions to guide you for each topic. The expert panel will post a web entry to summarize its opinion (e.g., wiki; 1 – 2 pages total). The panel entry must be posted by Saturday midnight before the week of the topic so that everyone can read in time for class. Panel members will also be expected to help in class discussion of that topic. Your paper on the depth topic is due within two weeks of class discussion of the topic (or before the beginning of Finals period for topics near the end of semester).

Ethical note on writing: In writing papers or exam essays, we follow these steps: First we read, then we think and discuss in class, and then we write our own conclusions. It is never acceptable to copy-and-paste or simply closely paraphrase something from the web or a publication. You are certainly allowed to quote or refer to another source -- as long as you acknowledge that source and use quotation marks when quoting. In short, we always write our own thoughts in our own words, and we give credit to others when we present their thoughts in our writing.

Note on Mental Health and Wellbeing:  University of Michigan is committed to the wellbeing of students. If you or someone you know is feeling overwhelmed, depressed, and/or in need of support, remember you can contact Counseling and Psychological Services (CAPS) at any hour at (734) 764-8312  or https://caps.umich.edu/  or the  University Health Service (UHS) at (734) 764-8320 and https://www.uhs.umich.edu/mentalhealthsvcs.

Depth Topic List

-Brain limbic systems

-Pleasure generators in the brain

-What do reward electrodes really do?

-Unconscious emotion?

-What is dopamine’s role in reward?

-Addiction

-Thirst and salt appetite

-Hunger

-Connecting Hunger & Reward: new brain circuits

-Sex

-Stress, Fear, & Pain

-Aggression

Reading List – Psychology 333

 

Traditional Motivation & Learning Concepts

Regular readings:

Berridge, K. C. (2004). Motivation concepts in behavioral neuroscience. Physiol Behav, 81(2), 179-209 (read pp. 179-194)

 

Extra readings:

Dickinson, A, Balleine, B. Hedonics: The Cognitive-Motivational Interface. In: Kringelbach, ML, Berridge, KC, editors. Pleasures of the brain. Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press, 2010.

Berridge, K. C. (2001). Reward learning: Reinforcement, incentives, and expectations. In D. L. Medin (Ed.), The Psychology of Learning and Motivation (Vol. 40, pp. 223-278). N.Y.: Academic Press.

 

Traditional Emotion Concepts

Does the brain have specialized emotion structures or does all the brain generate emotion?

Regular readings:

James, W., What is an emotion, Mind, 9 (1884) 188-205.

Cannon, W. B. (1987). The James-Lange theory of emotions: a critical examination and an alternative theory. By Walter B. Cannon, 1927. Am J Psychol, 100(3-4), 567-586.

 

Extra readings:

Feldman Barrett, L., & Wager, T. D. (2006). The Structure of Emotion: Evidence From Neuroimaging Studies. Current Directions in Psychological Science 15(2), 79-83.

Critchley, H. D., Wiens, S., Rotshtein, P., Ohman, A., & Dolan, R. J. (2004). Neural systems supporting interoceptive awareness. Nat Neurosci, 7(2), 189-195.

Damasio, A.R. (2004) Emotions and Feelings: A Neurobiological Perspective. In Manstead, A.S.R., Frijda, N., Fischer, A. (eds) Feelings and Emotions: The Amsterdam Symposium. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K., pp. 49-57.

 

Old Limbic System

What is the limbic system? Is it still a good idea?

Regular readings:

LeDoux, J. (1996). Limbic system chapter in The Emotional Brain. New York: Simon & Schuster (easy to read intro on classic limbic system)

 

Extra readings:

Papez, J. W. (1995 [original 1937]). A proposed mechanism of emotion. 1937 [classical article]. Journal of Neuropsychiatry & Clinical Neurosciences, 7(1), 103-112.

Maclean, P. (1955). The limbic system ('visceral brain') and emotional behavior. Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry, 73, 120-133.

 

 

New Limbic system

How should new limbic structures fit into the limbic system? (nucleus accumbens, ventral pallidum, extended amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex, ventromedial cortex [infralimbic and limbic cortex], insula cortex, etc)?

Regular readings:

Heimer, L., & Van Hoesen, G. W. (2006). The limbic lobe and its output channels: Implications for emotional functions and adaptive behavior. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 30(2), 126-147. (not easy but authoritative update)

 

Extra readings:

Morgane, P. J., & Mokler, D. J. (2006). The limbic brain: Continuing resolution. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 30(2), 119-125. (update commentary)

Zahm, D. S. (2006). The evolving theory of basal forebrain functional--anatomical 'macrosystems'. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 30(2), 148-172. (update commentary)

Swanson, L. W. (2005). Anatomy of the soul as reflected in the cerebral hemispheres: neural circuits underlying voluntary control of basic motivated behaviors. J Comp Neurol, 493(1), 122-131. (alternative large systems view)

Alheid, G. F. (2003). Extended amygdala and basal forebrain. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 985, 185-205. (the case for new concept of extended amygdala)

Expanding new limbic system?

Is nearly every brain structure part of the limbic system? Even sensory and motor structures?

- Shuler, M. G., & Bear, M. F. (2006). Reward Timing in the Primary Visual Cortex. Science, 311(5767), 1606-1609. (reward in sensory cortex?)

Palmiter, R. D. (2007). Is dopamine a physiologically relevant mediator of feeding behavior? Trends Neurosci, 30(8), 375-381. (puts dopamine in neostriatum into the limbic system).

 

Pleasure

Where does pleasure come from? What in the brain generates pleasure? What are the roles of cortex versus subcortical brain structures in pleasure? Can a pleasure ever be truly unconscious and yet exist?  

Regular readings:

Short Answers to Fundamental Questions about Pleasure. In M. L. Kringelbach & K. C. Berridge (Eds.), Pleasures of the Brain. Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press.

Berridge, K.C. & Kringelbach, M.L. (2013) Neuroscience of affect: brain mechanisms of pleasure and displeasure. Curr Opin Neurobiol, 23, 294-303.

 

Extra readings:

Blood, A. J., & Zatorre, R. J. (2001). Intensely pleasurable responses to music correlate with activity in brain regions implicated in reward and emotion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 98(20), 11818-11823.

Small, D. M., Zatorre, R. J., Dagher, A., Evans, A. C., & Jones-Gotman, M. (2001). Changes in brain activity related to eating chocolate - From pleasure to aversion. Brain, 124, 1720-1733.

Berridge, K.C. & Kringelbach, M.L. (2015) Pleasure systems in the brain. Neuron, 86, 646-664.

Chapin, H., Jantzen, K., Scott Kelso, J. A., Steinberg, F., & Large, E. (2010). Dynamic Emotional and Neural Responses to Music Depend on Performance Expression and Listener Experience. PLoS One, 5(12), e13812.

Frijda, N. (2010). On the nature and function of pleasure. In M. L. Kringelbach & K. C. Berridge (Eds.), Pleasures of the Brain. Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press.

Kringelbach, M. L. (2010). The hedonic brain: A functional neuroanatomy of human pleasure. In M. L. Kringelbach & K. C. Berridge (Eds.), Pleasures of the brain. Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press.

Leknes, S., & Tracey, I. (2010). Pleasure and pain: Masters of mankind. In M. L. Kringelbach & K. C. Berridge (Eds.), Pleasures of the Brain. Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press.

 

Optional extra readings on pleasure electrodes

Heath, R. G. (1972). Pleasure and brain activity in man. Deep and surface electroencephalograms during orgasm. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 154(1), 3-18. (original human pleasure electrode)

Herzog J, Reiff J, Krack P, Witt K, Schrader B, et al. (2003) Manic episode with psychotic symptoms induced by subthalamic nucleus stimulation in a patient with Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 18: 1382-1384.

Williams, N. R. and M. S. Okun (2013). "Deep brain stimulation (DBS) at the interface of neurology and psychiatry." J Clin Invest 123(11): 4546-4556.

Krack, P., Kumar, R., Ardouin, C., Dowsey, P. L., McVicker, J. M., Benabid, A. L., et al. (2001). Mirthful laughter induced by subthalamic nucleus stimulation. Movement Disorders: Official Journal Of The Movement Disorder Society, 16(5), 867-875.

Green, A. L., Pereira, E. A., & Aziz, T. Z. (2010). Deep brain stimulation and pleasure. In M. L. Kringelbach & K. C. Berridge (Eds.), Pleasures of the brain. Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press.

 

Can pleasure be unconscious?

Yes or no?

Regular readings:

Winkielman, P., & Berridge, K. C. (2004). Unconscious emotion. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 13(3), 120-123.

LeDoux, J. E. (2015). Feelings: What Are They & How Does the Brain Make Them? Daedalus 144(1): 96-111.

 

Extra readings:

Adolphs, R., Tranel, D., Koenigs, M., & Damasio, A. R. (2005). Preferring one taste over another without recognizing either. Nat Neurosci, 8(7), 860-861.

Schooler, J. W., & Mauss, I. B. (2010). To be happy and to know it: The experience and meta-awareness of pleasure. In M. L. Kringelbach & K. C. Berridge (Eds.), Pleasures of the Brain. Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press.

 

 

 

What is the role of dopamine in reward?

Does dopamine cause pleasure? Learning? Incentive salience? Arousal and vigor? Or??

Regular readings:

Berridge, K. C. (2007). The debate over dopamine's role in reward: the case for incentive salience. Psychopharmacology 191, 391-431, 2007.

Extra reading:

Montague, P. R., Hyman, S. E., & Cohen, J. D. (2004). Computational roles for dopamine in behavioural control. Nature, 431(7010), 760-767.

Leyton, M. The neurobiology of desire humans. In: Kringelbach, ML, Berridge, KC, editors. Pleasures of the brain. Oxford, U.K.: Oxford: Dopamine and the regulation of mood and motivational states in University Press, 2010

Schultz, W. (2013) Updating dopamine reward signals. Cur Opin Neurobiol, 23, 229-238..

Wise, R. A. (2006). Role of brain dopamine in food reward and reinforcement. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci, 361(1471), 1149-1158.

Evans, A. H., Pavese, N., Lawrence, A. D., Tai, Y. F., Appel, S., Doder, M., et al. (2006). Compulsive drug use linked to sensitized ventral striatal dopamine transmission. Ann Neurol, 59(5), 852-858.

Berridge, K.C. & O'Doherty, J.P. (2014) From experienced utility to decision utility. In Glimcher, P.W., Ernst, F. (eds) Neuroeconomics (Second Edition). Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 335-351.

Addiction

What makes addiction so compulsive? Escape from withdrawal? Distorted learning circuits? Incentive-sensitization? Or??

Regular readings:

Koob, GF, Le Moal, M. Review. Neurobiological mechanisms for opponent motivational processes in addiction. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2008;363:3113-3123.

Robinson, T. E., & Berridge, K. C. (2003). Addiction. Annual Review of Psychology, 54(1), 25-53.

Everitt, BJ, Belin, D, Economidou, D, Pelloux, Y, Dalley, JW, Robbins, TW. Review. Neural mechanisms underlying the vulnerability to develop compulsive drug-seeking habits and addiction. Philos Trans R Soc B 2008;363:3125-3135.

Extra reading:

Leyton, M. and P. Vezina (2014). "Dopamine ups and downs in vulnerability to addictions: a neurodevelopmental model." Trends in Pharmacological Sciences 35(6): 268-276.

Robinson, TE, Berridge, KC. Review. The incentive sensitization theory of addiction: some current issues. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2008.

Volkow, N. D. and R. D. Baler (2015). "NOW vs LATER brain circuits: implications for obesity and addiction." Trends in Neurosciences 38(6): 345-352.

Hyman, S. E., Malenka, R. C., & Nestler, E. J. (2006). Neural mechanisms of addiction: the role of reward-related learning and memory. Annu Rev Neurosci, 29, 565-598.

Ge, S., et al. (2013). "Long-Term Changes in the Personality and Psychopathological Profile of Opiate Addicts after Nucleus Accumbens Ablative Surgery Are Associated with Treatment Outcome." Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery 91(1): 30-44.

Naqvi, N., & Bechara, A. (2010). The insula and drug addiction: An interoceptive view of pleasure, urges, and decision-making. [Brain Structure and Function, 214(5), 435-450.

 

Thirst & Salt Appetite

Regular reading:

Stricker, E. M., & Sved, A. F. (2000). Thirst. Nutrition, 16(10), 821-826.

Krause EG, Sakai RR (2007) Richter and sodium appetite: From adrenalectomy to molecular biology. Appetite.

Extra reading:

Johnson, A. K., de Olmos, J., Pastuskovas, C. V., Zardetto-Smith, A. M., & Vivas, L. (1999). The extended amygdala and salt appetite. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 877, 258-280.

Sakai, R. R. (2004). The future of research on thirst and salt appetite. Appetite, 42(1), 15-19.

Stricker, E.M. Thirst. In: Handbook of Behavioral Neurobiology, volume 14, Food and Fluid Intake, edited by Stricker, E.M., and Woods, S.C. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum, pp. 505-543, 2004

Johnson, A. K. (2007). The sensory psychobiology of thirst and salt appetite. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 39(8), 1388-1400.

Geerling, J. C., & Loewy, A. D. (2008). Central regulation of sodium appetite. Experimental Physiology, 93(2), 177-209.

 

 

Hunger

Is hunger driven by a body weight set-point? What brain mechanisms control appetite?

Regular readings:

Morton, G. J., et al. (2014). "Neurobiology of food intake in health and disease." Nat Rev Neurosci 15(6): 367-378.

Extra reading:

Gao, Q., & Horvath, T. L. (2007). Neurobiology of feeding and energy expenditure. Annu Rev Neurosci, 30, 367-398.

Robertson, S. A., Leinninger, G. M., & Myers Jr, M. G. (2008). Molecular and neural mediators of leptin action. Physiology & Behavior, 94(5), 637-642.

Bolles: "Some functionalistic thoughts about regulation"

 

New hunger-reward connections

How does hunger alter the brain’s response to food reward stimuli? How do hypothalamic regulatory and limbic reward structures interact? Does food addiction exist?

Regular readings:

Meye, F. J. and R. A. H. Adan (2014). "Feelings about food: the ventral tegmental area in food reward and emotional eating." Trends in Pharmacological Sciences 35(1): 31-40.

Carlier, N., et al. (2015). "Genetic Similarities between Compulsive Overeating and Addiction Phenotypes: A Case for "Food Addiction"?" Current Psychiatry Reports 17(12): 96

 

Extra readings:

Morton, G. J., Cummings, D. E., Baskin, D. G., Barsh, G. S., & Schwartz, M. W. (2006). Central nervous system control of food intake and body weight. Nature, 443(7109), 289-295. (leptin, orexin et al -- interact with reward circuits).

Cota, D., Tschop, M. H., Horvath, T. L., & Levine, A. S. (2006). Cannabinoids, opioids and eating behavior: the molecular face of hedonism? Brain Res Rev, 51(1), 85-107.

Keating C, Tilbrook AJ, Rossell SL, Enticott PG, Fitzgerald PB. (2012) Reward processing in anorexia nervosa. Neuropsychologia. 2012 Feb 13

Harris, G. C., Wimmer, M., & Aston-Jones, G. (2005). A role for lateral hypothalamic orexin neurons in reward seeking. Nature, 437(7058), 556-559. (orexin and dopamine actual study)

Berthoud, H. R., & Morrison, C. (2008). The brain, appetite, and obesity. Annu Rev Psychol, 59, 55-92.

(more on anatomical circuit interactions)

 

 

Pain & Fear (and Stress & Disgust)

What in the brain causes pain? What is special about insula cortex? How do accupuncture or hypnosis control pain?

Regular readings:

Fields, H. (2004). State-dependent opioid control of pain. Nat Rev Neurosci, 5(7), 565-575.

Craig, A.D., How do you feel right now? Nature Neurosci Review, 2009

Gross, C. T. and N. S. Canteras (2012). "The many paths to fear." Nat Rev Neurosci 13(9): 651-658.

Feinstein, J. S., et al. (2011). "The human amygdala and the induction and experience of fear." Current biology : CB 21(1): 34-38.

Extra reading:

Benedetti, F., et al. (2005). "Neurobiological mechanisms of the placebo effect." J Neurosci 25(45): 10390-10402.

Hilgard: Hypnotic experience

Zhao, ZQ. Neural mechanism underlying acupuncture analgesia. Prog Neurobiol 2008;85:355-375.

Schweinhardt P, Glynn C, Brooks J, McQuay H, Jack T, Chessell I, Bountra C, Tracey I: An fMRI study of cerebral processing of brush-evoked allodynia in neuropathic pain patients. Neuroimage 2006, 32:256-265.

Bob, P. Pain, dissociation and subliminal self-representations. Conscious Cogn 2008;17:355-369.

Wobst, AH. Hypnosis and surgery: past, present, and future. Anesth Analg 2007;104:1199-1208.

Zeidan, F., et al. (2011). "Brain Mechanisms Supporting the Modulation of Pain by Mindfulness Meditation." The Journal of Neuroscience 31(14): 5540-5548.

Hilgard, E.R., & Hilgard, J.R. Hypnosis in the Relief of Pain, Kaufman, Los Altos, 1983

Lee, S. J., Ralston, H. J., Drey, E. A., Partridge, J. C., & Rosen, M. A. (2005). Fetal pain: a systematic multidisciplinary review of the evidence. Jama, 294(8), 947-954

Chapman, H. A. and A. K. Anderson (2012). "Understanding disgust." Ann N Y Acad Sci 1251: 62-76.

 

 

Sex

What brain systems generate sexual desire? Are male and female 'styles' of human sexuality entirely different, with different neural systems? Or are they essentially similar? What determines human sexual orientation or gender identity? How do sexual stimuli & experiences (including pheromone exposure) alter subsequent physiology or fertility?

Regular readings:

Morris, JA, Jordan, CL, Breedlove, SM. Sexual differentiation of the vertebrate nervous system. Nature neuroscience 2004;7:1034-1039

Georgiadis, J. R., & Kortekaas, R. (2010). The sweetest taboo: functional neurobiology of human sexuality in relation to pleasure. In M. L. Kringelbach & K. C. Berridge (Eds.), Pleasures of the Brain. New York: Oxford Univeristy Press.

 

Extra readings by subtopic:

Brain mechanisms in female & male

Pfaus, J. G. (2009). Pathways of Sexual Desire. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 6(6), 1506-1533.

Georgiadis, J. R. (2015). "Functional neuroanatomy of human cortex cerebri in relation to wanting sex and having it." Clin Anat 28(3): 314-323.

 

Sexual orientation & gender identity

van Anders, S. M. (2015). "Beyond Sexual Orientation: Integrating Gender/Sex and Diverse Sexualities via Sexual Configurations Theory." Arch Sex Behav 44(5): 1177-1213.

Gooren, L. The biology of human psychosexual differentiation. Horm Behav 2006;50:589-60

Savic, I., & Lindstrom, P. (2008). PET and MRI show differences in cerebral asymmetry and functional connectivity between homo- and heterosexual subjects. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 105(27), 9403-9408.

Swaab, DF. Sexual orientation and its basis in brain structure and function. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008;105:10273-10274.

Sanders, A. R., et al. (2015). "Genome-wide scan demonstrates significant linkage for male sexual orientation." Psychological Medicine 45(07): 1379-1388.

Rahman, Q. The neurodevelopment of human sexual orientation. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2005;29:1057-1066.

 

Experiential control of sexual physiology:

Wysocki, C. J., & Preti, G. (2004). Facts, fallacies, fears, and frustrations with human pheromones. Anat Rec A Discov Mol Cell Evol Biol, 281(1), 1201-1211.

More detail on experiental controls of physiology (if you’re really interested)

Preti, G., Wysocki, C. J., Barnhart, K. T., Sondheimer, S. J., & Leyden, J. J. (2003). Male axillary extracts contain pheromones that affect pulsatile secretion of luteinizing hormone and mood in women recipients. Biology of Reproduction, 68(6), 2107-2113.

van Anders S. M., Hamilton, L. D., Schmidt, N., & Watson, N. V. (2007). Associations between testosterone secretion and sexual activity in women. Hormones and Behavior, 51, 477-482

McClintock, M. K. (1999). Reproductive biology - Pheromones and regulation of ovulation - Reply. Nature, 401(6750), 232-233.

Stern, K., & McClintock, M. K. (1998). Regulation of ovulation by human pheromones . Nature, 392(6672), 177-179.

 

Culture & Identity:

Nichols, M. Lesbian relationships: implications for the study of sexuality and gender. In Homosexuality-Heterosexuality: concepts of sexual orientation. D.P. McWhirter, S.A. Sanders, J. Reinisch (Eds.) pp. 350-364, Oxford Press (1990).

Diamond, M. and Sigmundson H. K., Sex reassignment at birth. Long-term review and clinical implications, Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, 151 (1997) 298-304.

Gross, M. (2016). Transitions to new concepts of gender. Current Biology, 26(4), R141-R143.

Vasey PL and Bartlett NH. (2007) What can the Samoan "Fa'afafine" teach us about the Western concept of gender identity disorder in childhood? Perspect Biol Med. 50(4):481-90.

de Waal, F. B. M. (1995). Bonobo sex and society. Scientific American, March 1995, 82-

 

Aggression

What are the chief brain bases of aggression? Do different types of aggression correspond to different neural systems? Can any type of pathological aggression be controlled in principle via drugs Can  any type of pathological aggression be controlled by psychosurgery?  In violent patients?  In prisoners

Regular readings:

Siever, LJ. Neurobiology of aggression and violence. Am J Psychiatry 2008;165:429-442.

Anderson, D. J. (2012). "Optogenetics, sex, and violence in the brain: implications for psychiatry." Biol Psychiatry 71(12): 1081-1089.

 

Extra readings:

Valenstein, E.S. Brain Control, New York: Wiley & Sons, 1973, pp. 209-263.

Nelson, RJ, Trainor, BC. Neural mechanisms of aggression. Nat Rev Neurosci 2007;8:536-546.

Siegel, A, Bhatt, S, Bhatt, R, Zalcman, SS. The neurobiological bases for development of pharmacological treatments of aggressive disorders. Curr Neuropharmacol 2007;5:135-147.

Falkner, A. L. and D. Lin (2014). "Recent advances in understanding the role of the hypothalamic circuit during aggression." Frontiers in systems neuroscience 8.

Fountas, K. N., & Smith, J. R. (2007). Historical evolution of stereotactic amygdalotomy for the management of severe aggression. J Neurosurg, 106(4), 710-713.

Lee GP, Bechara A, Adolphs R, Arena J, Meador KJ, Loring DW, Smith JR. Clinical and physiological effects of stereotaxic bilateral amygdalotomy for intractable aggression. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1998 Fall;10(4):413-20

Kim, M. C., Lee, T. K., & Choi, C. R. (2002). Review of long-term results of stereotactic psychosurgery. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo), 42(9), 365-371.

Mpakopoulou, M., Gatos, H., Brotis, A., Paterakis, K. N., & Fountas, K. N. (2008). Stereotactic amygdalotomy in the management of severe aggressive behavioral disorders. Neurosurg Focus, 25(1), E6.